Human Adaptation of Ebola Virus during the West African Outbreak
Identifieur interne : 001D49 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001D48; suivant : 001D50Human Adaptation of Ebola Virus during the West African Outbreak
Auteurs : Richard A. Urbanowicz [Royaume-Uni] ; C. Patrick Mcclure [Royaume-Uni] ; Anavaj Sakuntabhai [France] ; Amadou A. Sall [Sénégal] ; Gary Kobinger [Canada] ; Marcel A. Müller [Allemagne] ; Edward C. Holmes [Australie] ; Félix A. Rey [France] ; Etienne Simon-Loriere [France] ; Jonathan K. Ball [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Cell [ 0092-8674 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie), Animaux, Chiroptera (virologie), Ebolavirus (), Ebolavirus (génétique), Ebolavirus (pathogénicité), Ebolavirus (physiologie), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (transmission), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (virologie), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (épidémiologie), Flambées de maladies, Humains, Mutation, Phylogénie, Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (génétique), Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (métabolisme), Spécificité d'hôte, Zoonoses, Évolution biologique.
- MESH :
- génétique : Ebolavirus, Protéines de l'enveloppe virale.
- métabolisme : Protéines de l'enveloppe virale.
- pathogénicité : Ebolavirus.
- physiologie : Ebolavirus.
- virologie : Chiroptera, Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola.
- épidémiologie : Afrique de l'Ouest, Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola.
- Animaux, Ebolavirus, Flambées de maladies, Humains, Mutation, Phylogénie, Spécificité d'hôte, Zoonoses, Évolution biologique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Africa, Western (epidemiology), Animals, Biological Evolution, Chiroptera (virology), Disease Outbreaks, Ebolavirus (classification), Ebolavirus (genetics), Ebolavirus (pathogenicity), Ebolavirus (physiology), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (transmission), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (virology), Host Specificity, Humans, Mutation, Phylogeny, Viral Envelope Proteins (genetics), Viral Envelope Proteins (metabolism), Zoonoses.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Viral Envelope Proteins.
- classification : Ebolavirus.
- epidemiology : Africa, Western, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- genetics : Ebolavirus.
- chemical , metabolism : Viral Envelope Proteins.
- pathogenicity : Ebolavirus.
- physiology : Ebolavirus.
- transmission : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- virology : Chiroptera, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Disease Outbreaks, Host Specificity, Humans, Mutation, Phylogeny, Zoonoses.
Abstract
The 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa was the largest recorded. It began following the cross-species transmission of EBOV from an animal reservoir, most likely bats, into humans, with phylogenetic analysis revealing the co-circulation of several viral lineages. We hypothesized that this prolonged human circulation led to genomic changes that increased viral transmissibility in humans. We generated a synthetic glycoprotein (GP) construct based on the earliest reported isolate and introduced amino acid substitutions that defined viral lineages. Mutant GPs were used to generate a panel of pseudoviruses, which were used to infect different human and bat cell lines. These data revealed that specific amino acid substitutions in the EBOV GP have increased tropism for human cells, while reducing tropism for bat cells. Such increased infectivity may have enhanced the ability of EBOV to transmit among humans and contributed to the wide geographic distribution of some viral lineages.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.013
PubMed: 27814505
PubMed Central: 5101188
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Canada, France, Royaume-Uni, Sénégal
- Angleterre, District de Cologne, Manitoba, Nottinghamshire, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Île-de-France
- Bonn, Nottingham, Paris, Sydney, Winnipeg
- Université de Nottingham, Université de Sydney, Université du Manitoba
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Le document en format XML
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Urbanowicz</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2">NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclure, C Patrick" sort="Mcclure, C Patrick" uniqKey="Mcclure C" first="C. Patrick" last="Mcclure">C. Patrick Mcclure</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2">NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakuntabhai, Anavaj" sort="Sakuntabhai, Anavaj" uniqKey="Sakuntabhai A" first="Anavaj" last="Sakuntabhai">Anavaj Sakuntabhai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, 75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, 75015 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, Amadou A" sort="Sall, Amadou A" uniqKey="Sall A" first="Amadou A." last="Sall">Amadou A. Sall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220 Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 220 Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kobinger, Gary" sort="Kobinger, Gary" uniqKey="Kobinger G" first="Gary" last="Kobinger">Gary Kobinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON K1A 0K9</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>MB R3E 3R2</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R32T 2N2, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R32T 2N2</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Manitoba</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Winnipeg</settlement><region type="state">Manitoba</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel A" sort="Muller, Marcel A" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel A." last="Müller">Marcel A. Müller</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rey, Felix A" sort="Rey, Felix A" uniqKey="Rey F" first="Félix A." last="Rey">Félix A. Rey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3569, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3569, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, 75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, 75015 Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75015 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ball, Jonathan K" sort="Ball, Jonathan K" uniqKey="Ball J" first="Jonathan K." last="Ball">Jonathan K. Ball</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1">School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff2">NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Nottingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Nottingham</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Nottinghamshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cell</title><idno type="ISSN">0092-8674</idno><idno type="eISSN">1097-4172</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa, Western (epidemiology)</term><term>Animals</term><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Chiroptera (virology)</term><term>Disease Outbreaks</term><term>Ebolavirus (classification)</term><term>Ebolavirus (genetics)</term><term>Ebolavirus (pathogenicity)</term><term>Ebolavirus (physiology)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (transmission)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (virology)</term><term>Host Specificity</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Viral Envelope Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Viral Envelope Proteins (metabolism)</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique de l'Ouest (épidémiologie)</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Chiroptera (virologie)</term><term>Ebolavirus ()</term><term>Ebolavirus (génétique)</term><term>Ebolavirus (pathogénicité)</term><term>Ebolavirus (physiologie)</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (transmission)</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (virologie)</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (épidémiologie)</term><term>Flambées de maladies</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (génétique)</term><term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (métabolisme)</term><term>Spécificité d'hôte</term><term>Zoonoses</term><term>Évolution biologique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Envelope Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa, Western</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ebolavirus</term><term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Envelope Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Chiroptera</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique de l'Ouest</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Disease Outbreaks</term><term>Host Specificity</term><term>Humans</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Zoonoses</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Ebolavirus</term><term>Flambées de maladies</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mutation</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Spécificité d'hôte</term><term>Zoonoses</term><term>Évolution biologique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p>The 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa was the largest recorded. It began following the cross-species transmission of EBOV from an animal reservoir, most likely bats, into humans, with phylogenetic analysis revealing the co-circulation of several viral lineages. We hypothesized that this prolonged human circulation led to genomic changes that increased viral transmissibility in humans. We generated a synthetic glycoprotein (GP) construct based on the earliest reported isolate and introduced amino acid substitutions that defined viral lineages. Mutant GPs were used to generate a panel of pseudoviruses, which were used to infect different human and bat cell lines. These data revealed that specific amino acid substitutions in the EBOV GP have increased tropism for human cells, while reducing tropism for bat cells. Such increased infectivity may have enhanced the ability of EBOV to transmit among humans and contributed to the wide geographic distribution of some viral lineages.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anisimova, M" uniqKey="Anisimova M">M. Anisimova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gascuel, O" uniqKey="Gascuel O">O. Gascuel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Azarian, T" uniqKey="Azarian T">T. Azarian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo Presti, A" uniqKey="Lo Presti A">A. Lo Presti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giovanetti, M" uniqKey="Giovanetti M">M. Giovanetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cella, E" uniqKey="Cella E">E. Cella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rife, B" uniqKey="Rife B">B. Rife</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, A" uniqKey="Lai A">A. Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zehender, G" uniqKey="Zehender G">G. 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Ball</name><name sortKey="Ball, Jonathan K" sort="Ball, Jonathan K" uniqKey="Ball J" first="Jonathan K." last="Ball">Jonathan K. Ball</name><name sortKey="Mcclure, C Patrick" sort="Mcclure, C Patrick" uniqKey="Mcclure C" first="C. Patrick" last="Mcclure">C. Patrick Mcclure</name><name sortKey="Mcclure, C Patrick" sort="Mcclure, C Patrick" uniqKey="Mcclure C" first="C. Patrick" last="Mcclure">C. Patrick Mcclure</name><name sortKey="Urbanowicz, Richard A" sort="Urbanowicz, Richard A" uniqKey="Urbanowicz R" first="Richard A." last="Urbanowicz">Richard A. Urbanowicz</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sakuntabhai, Anavaj" sort="Sakuntabhai, Anavaj" uniqKey="Sakuntabhai A" first="Anavaj" last="Sakuntabhai">Anavaj Sakuntabhai</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Rey, Felix A" sort="Rey, Felix A" uniqKey="Rey F" first="Félix A." last="Rey">Félix A. Rey</name><name sortKey="Rey, Felix A" sort="Rey, Felix A" uniqKey="Rey F" first="Félix A." last="Rey">Félix A. Rey</name><name sortKey="Sakuntabhai, Anavaj" sort="Sakuntabhai, Anavaj" uniqKey="Sakuntabhai A" first="Anavaj" last="Sakuntabhai">Anavaj Sakuntabhai</name><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name></country><country name="Sénégal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sall, Amadou A" sort="Sall, Amadou A" uniqKey="Sall A" first="Amadou A." last="Sall">Amadou A. Sall</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kobinger, Gary" sort="Kobinger, Gary" uniqKey="Kobinger G" first="Gary" last="Kobinger">Gary Kobinger</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kobinger, Gary" sort="Kobinger, Gary" uniqKey="Kobinger G" first="Gary" last="Kobinger">Gary Kobinger</name><name sortKey="Kobinger, Gary" sort="Kobinger, Gary" uniqKey="Kobinger G" first="Gary" last="Kobinger">Gary Kobinger</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel A" sort="Muller, Marcel A" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel A." last="Müller">Marcel A. Müller</name></region></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C." last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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